The prefix "Tar-" in Sindarin means "King" or "Ruler." It was used as a prefix by the Kings of Numenor who followed the Eldarin ways. When the Rebel Kings of Numenor took up the throne (as I like to call them), they changed their "use-names" to ones in Adunaic, and so the prefix for "King" or "Ruler" in that language was "Ar-."
If you look at it, it was also proof that no matter how hard they tried, they couldn't completely remove the Elvish influence on Numenor, no matter how hard they tried. "Ar-" in Sindarin means "Noble, Royal, Kingly, etc," so those Kings of Numenor were actually using an Elvish title, while thinking that they were using an Adunaic one. An example of a Sindarin name with "Ar-" as a prefix is "Ar-Feiniel" ("Noble White Lady (of the Noldor)") which was the epessë of Aredhel, daughter of Fingolfin.
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But Melkor also was there, and he came to the house of Fëanor, and there he slew Finwë King of the Noldor before his doors, and spilled the first blood in the Blessed Realm; for Finwë alone had not fled from the horror of the Dark.
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