Well, Tolkien would have been writing himself into a neat little mess, then. Clearly at least Aragorn (and probably the rest too--they had nowhere else to go) would have journeyed with Frodo to the gates of Mordor. Originally, Aragorn may have intended to go to Minas Tirith, but with Gandalf lost, Aragorn was in charge of the company. Since the purpose of the expedition was to destroy the Ring, its leader could certainly not have abandoned that except in dire circumstances.
That being said, the then seven companions certainly could not have accomplished the task together. I think Tolkien intended the book to be more of a personal battle for Frodo; the point was that he grew enough as a character to be able to accomplish the quest himself (for the most part), without the supervision or help of his "greaters" like Gandalf or Aragorn.
Furthermore, I don't see how it would make much sense that an Aragorn-led company could even gain access to Mordor. Ranger though he might be, all paths were watched, and Aragorn (or any other sane man) would have never attempted Cirith Ungol. And further, with a full company, Gollum would have never been turned to for help; this was a move made by Frodo in desperation for lack of a leader and guide.
My conclusion is that the quest neither could have nor should have been completed with Aragorn still at the helm (which of course he would certainly try to be). The only way out of the writer's dilemma would be to write another incident would that similarly cause the breaking of the company; and why do that when the opportunity is already there at Amon Hen?
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