Hear is my reply:
1. The Northern and Southern Ered Luin. according to Appendix A in the paragraph Eriador, Arnor, and the heirs of Isildur, the main consentration of Dwarves during the kingdom of Arnor was in the Southern range that had mines still working, and the remnants of the city of the Broadbeams, Belegost, which was also located there. Throughout the history of Middle Earth the Ered Luin was mainly the home of Broadbeams and and Firebeards. I believe that after the War of the Dwarves and Orcs, Thrain and Thorin moved to the Northern chain as it says in appendix A (despite the note in the tale of years) and also because the Southern Dwarves had their own kings, for they were not of Durin's folk. Although after the War of Wrath at the end of the First Age many moved to Khazad-dum, but many probably moved back after the Balrog awoke in Khazad-dum.
Anyway, the Northern range may have have been home to some Firebeards, but it probably had more miners than anything else. And as I said before Thrain probably settled in the North after the war, instead of the South, where other kings of Dwarves lived.
As population goes, the Ered Luin was just as big as Erebor or the Iron Hills.
2. The Iron Hills. The Iron Hills was through the mid-late Third Age and Fourth Age, one of the most important of all Dwarf-realms, considering that much of Durin's folk lived there, and some best iron came from there, and some of the best Dwarf-warriors were from the Iron hills.
3. Erebor. Erebor is probably the second most improtant of all Dwarf-realms, and was after the slaying of Smaug probably the main realm of Durin's folk.
4. The Grey mountains. I think you all are a little confused with what I said in the beginning, so i'm going to kind of do a quick synopsis of it's history with Dwarves. The when the Dwarves first started to come there they were fleeing Khazad-dum. After Thrain I had died and his son Thorin I, went there. The Dragons started assailing them and after a the slaying of Dain I, most left. Now I think that during this time the ones that stayed behind tried to remain as secretive about their location as possible so Orc and Dragon wouldn't be swarming them. Now I believe after the Battle of Five Armies that things got much better for them. They probably had a swell in numbers with many of Durin's folk coming from the Ered Luin to Erebor and the Iron Hills, and they probably traded with Erebor and the Iron Hills now that the Goblins had suffered a huge loss in population. I also believe that they may have also, after a time, may have taken the larger cities. Though they may not have had a large population it was probably significantly more than before the Battle of Five Armies.
Manwe, I think you missunderstood what I said about the Ered Mithrin Dwarves. I wasn't talking about the time in which Durin's folk were living there in huge numbers and being attacked by Dragons, my thread is about when Thorin and company came to the Erebor and when he asked Roac to send word to his kin in the North (the remnants of Dwarves that lived in the Grey Mountains) west (probably some secure Dwarf colony of the Northern Misty Mountains) and East (The Iron Hills). My point of bringing it up was that there are two pieces of factual evidence that Dwarves know matter how many there were, still lived in the Ered Mithrin.
Very interesting point about the Misty. I believe that there may have been some colony of Dwarves living in a more secure area of the Misty. But there were probably more during the early days of Khazad-dum when they ruled much of the of the mountains and had no Orc to worry about.
Oh and Manwe, Durin awoke in Gundabad. It's noted in The Peoples of Middle Earth.
The appendices are not the end all be all of facts. There is the unfinished tales which has some stuff about the Dwarves and the People of Middle Earth which tells a lot of interesting things about them as well.
In the War of the Dwarves and Orcs it says that they sacked all the Orc holds they could find from gundabad to the Gladden river. When you sack a city or any place, you conquer it, then you take all the booty you can and leave, not stay.
There is more on my part to say but I hope some other Dwarf scholars like myself will help me out here.
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