What is the whole story behind Minas Morgul, Gondor, and Mordor?

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Originally Posted by Gastonason

Okay so obviously Minas Morgul is the old capital of Gondor. How did Sauron capture it? What does it look like inside of the fortress? What did it look like before it was Sauron's, or the Witch Kings? How did they change it? I've been wondering about this for years and I have no clue what the heck happened.

I hate to sound sardonic, but did it ever occur to you, during these long years, to google "Minas Morgul"?